THE THICKLY FORESTED MOUNTAINS OF NORTHERN LUZON have long been the home of the Igorot people. Over untold generations, Igorot society has spun with the cycles of the creatures with whom they share space. For the Igorots, the time for planting the first rice seedlings is heralded by the return of the migratory kilin bird. Then, once the crop has turned gold and the kilin has flown back to the forest— the harvest. And then… always a little more. For after the rice has been carried home to dry, it is time for a ritual as old as the harvest itself. One by one, rocks are gathered up from the river to shore up the sides of the field. Stone by stone, the paddy is improved to better capture and disperse the flow of rain down the hillside. Season by season, the paddy becomes not just a better home for rice, but a better common home for countless others: crabs, frogs, snails, mud fish and more. Over the generations, fertility and harvest increased. Igorot society thrived. The river and the forest ecosystems flourished. And the kilin would always return. Then, the next cycle would spin—  always a little greener than before.⁵⁸

To begin, we must return to the origins of our solar system.

As we saw in Plastic’s Stellar Story, the planets that spin about our sun today formed over 5 billion years ago. As each planet coalesced out of drifting stellar debris, it gained a kinetic pattern of energy and matter all its own. To this very moment, each planet’s unique combination of elements, chemistry, orbit, moons, magnetosphere and more continues to unfold. This cosmological character, permeates and guides all a planet’s processes. In particular those processes that repeat: its cycles — tending them in patterns that are unique to each planet.

As early versions of Venus, Mars, Earth and their more distant neighbours spun about the Sun, they absorbed and adapted to a never ending arrival of solar energy. Like rain pouring down a hillside into streams, rivers and rapids, the sun’s energy shone down upon each planet’s surface spilling into each planetary cycles —  atmospheric flows, ocean currents, tectonic shifts. As the planets' soil, liquids, and gasses were spun, the resulting cycles were driven by the rigid dictates of thermodynamics. In ways unique to each planet, the sun’s ever arriving energy was dissipated.⁵⁹ and, over the eons, the cycles and character or each planet unfolded.

On Earth, one entropic adaptation after another began to accumulate. Just as the Igorots would shore up their terrace walls with new stones every season, each Earthen cycle tended infinitesimally towards an ever improved configuration of matter to capture energy— adding an atom here, a chemical bond there. Like rice terraces capturing, fracturing and spreading out the rain’s downward flow, Earth’s cycles did the same. As one cycle fractured into a thousand, and that into a million more, life began to unfold. Steadily, life-cycles adapted their spin towards ever more concentrated configurations of matter and ever better dissipations of energy.⁶⁰

And, Earth greened.

While, today’s contemporary physicists and philosophers struggle to articulate life’s emergence within a thermodynamic frame⁶¹, the Igorots have a single, precise term– and with it, an ecological ethos that governs their kincentric culture.

All aspects of Igorot life and culture are guided by the virtue of ayyew⁶³. Men, women, households and communities are admired and respected to the degree in which they embody the principle. Ayyew means to not just to be in sync with a cycle, but to tend to its spin.

Children first learn the concept of ayyew at meal time. It is ayyew to finish every grain of rice on one’s plate. Not because it is a waste — rather, because it is a cycle’s crescendo. The last grain represents the culmination of one cycle and the beginning of the next — and an opportunity for a little more. As one cycle ends and another begins, there lies the chance to grow strong so that one can contribute to it: to sow the next seedling, to help with the next harvest, to add a stone to the garden’s wall.

When there are leftovers from a process (burned rice, banana peels, grass cuttings, etc.) ayyew guides their transition to a subsequent cycle. Rather than simply compost the organic matter, it is more respectable, more ayyew, to feed them to the neighbourhood pigs. While both methods lead to fertilizer, the resulting manure is far more concentrated in carbon and microorganisms, making it more effective at spreading over fields and gardens to disperse its nutrients out to the ecosystem at large.

Finally, ayyew guides the Igorot’s relations with the land. While the destruction of the forest is despised ("how can one achieve any richer system of cycling?"⁶³) the long labour of transitioning a grassy slope to a bio-diverse and fertile ecosystem is admired above all. Rather than the rush of rain down the hillside, instead it is caught in a fractal of zigs and zags. This way the downward flow of the hydrologic cycle (rain-river-evaporation-and-rain-again) is dispersed outwards and ever more equitably throughout the hillside ecosystem. Each terrace is thus enriched— but ‘riches’ not just in yield. Most especially riches of the Earthen kind: stability, resiliency, diversity, vitality and abundance — the very same characteristics that have unfurled on our once barren planet.

Within the deep resonance of the Ayyew ethos and Earth’s cosmological character, lies our first Earthen ethic.

As we strive to ensure that our human enterprises are green, Earth shows us the way forward. Just as Earth tended its process towards cycles that enrich, so too must we intend with our own. Only when our human processes intend and result in cycles that spiral can they be considered ecological contributions —  and green.

Today, we are realizing that our modern processes all too often result in the opposite: depletion. Perhaps, nowhere is this better observed than in our use of plastic.

In an Igorot community the carbon-based molecules of a grain rice can be cycled from garden-to-human-to-pig-to-garden-again indefinitely. Although plastic molecules are also carbon-based, plastic's molecules are incompatible with such cycles. ‘Single-use’ and ‘disposable’ plastics, are engineered without a plan for their cyclical reintegration and fail to fit back into ecological systems, causing problems of all kinds. Such products and processes lead to such linear goals as dumping and incineration. In so far as these processes fail to plan for their subsequent cycle, they fail to embody the cyclical ways of Earth.

To discern the colour of our modern processes we must thus first ask about its end: is there an intention for subsequent cycles once the first is complete? Only when our processes have a plan for their next use, and the subsequent ones after that, can they begin to be considered ecological contributions.

So what then of our circular processes— are they sufficient to be green?

Today, many products are engineered to be circular— their next life is planned. In this way, PET bottles, carpets and casings are often designed so that when their first use comes to an end they can be recycled into something new. The materials of these products are considered indefinitely reusable ‘technical nutrients’⁶². In this way, modern processes strive to transition to a ‘circular economy’.

Insofar as such processes contain a plan for the next life of the product, their circularity is an important step towards following Earth’s cyclical ways.

However, circularity, in-and-of-itself is insufficient.

After all, over the eons our neighbouring planets spun in perfect circles about the sun— yet they did not green. No matter how much solar energy arrived, Venusian cycles did fracture and cascade. No matter how sustained Mercury's spin, its matter did not spiral into ever more concentrated and complex configurations. No matter how perfect their planetary circles, systemic enrichment failed to take hold.

As we have seen in the ways of Earth and the Igorots, ecological enrichment requires a tended shift— always something more. Another stone added to a terrace wall. Another atom of carbon added to a protein molecule. While it may be an infinitesimal addition in itself, over an indefinite series of cycles the result is, quite literally, a world of difference. Indeed, it is the difference between depletion and enrichment, grey and green.

As such, a plastic bottle may be indefinitely reusable, an economy circular, a company sustainable — yet like the surfaces of Venus and Mars, result in desolation.

For in the unfolding cyclical systems of the biosphere, there are no perfect circles — only cycles that spiral outwards or inwards, contributing or degrading, enriching or depleting.

As we strive to ensure our enterprises are green, not only must we plan for the subsequent cycles of our material and energetic processes, we must ensure that each iteration enriches.

The requisite spiral geometry clear, we can now delve deeper into the vortical character of enrichment itself. In particular, the outwards spin of energy and the inwards spin of our matter— our next two Earthen ethics.